NASA: On Titan, discovered a cloud of icy monster
On Saturn's icy cloud was photographed monster. The cloud was detected by the spacecraft "Cassini" in the vicinity of the south pole of Titan.
According to NASA, near the south pole of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, using spacecraft "Cassini" was found icy cloud monster. Cloud found by now, much larger than the size of the device that was previously recorded, in 2012, and is located in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 200 km. As a result of analysis, it became known that the density of the cloud resembles a fog density in the world, but most likely has a flat top shape.

            Life Lessons from Confucius

Confucius was a Chinese thinker and philosopher. His philosophy was focused on moral issues, both personal and from a government point of view. Confucius taught proper social relationships, justice and equality. His teachings have become very famous in China.

1. Just keep moving.

"It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop."

If you continue to move in the right direction, then eventually you will arrive at their destination. Hard work must be consistent, everyone can succeed without interrupting traffic. The man who achieved success, is the man who remains committed to its goal, despite the circumstances.

2. Your friends are important.

"Never keep a friendship with someone who does not get better than yourself."

Your friends influence your future, where they are, and there you are going. It would be beneficial to your destiny to find friends who go wherever you want to go. Our site has been said that your surroundings affect your perception of the world, a special influence on you have your friends, because, as you most trust them.

3. Good things are expensive.

"It's easy to hate and it is difficult to love. That's the way our world. All good is hard to achieve, and bad things very easy. "

This explains a lot. Pretty easy to hate, just to be negative, just to come up with excuses. Love, forgiveness and the greatness require a lot of heart, a great mind and a great effort. None of us is committed to something bad, at least for themselves. Everyone wants a better fate for themselves, but to come to that, if you do not endeavor to be positive. Remember, your outside world is a reflection of your inner world.

4. First sharpen your tools.

"The expectations of life depend upon diligence. Mechanics, which improves your job, you must sharpen his tools. "

Confucius said: "Success depends on prior preparation, without training, you will always waiting for failure." Whatever you do, if you want to succeed, you need to be ready for it. This applies not only to your inner work and outer work. This planning and obtaining the necessary skills and contacts with influential people.

5. To be offended - nothing.

"To be wronged is nothing unless you continue to remember it."

Do not worry about trifles. Being offended is actually nothing. Do not let other people's misdemeanors ruin your day. Do not let their negativity to penetrate your thoughts. Being offended - nothing, at least, if you can easily leave it in the past. Bend their line, let others be themselves and continue.

6. Think of the possible consequences.

"When anger rises, think of the consequences."

Solomon said: "He who knows how to control his anger, majestic powerful." Always keep your temper in check, and think about the consequences. Anger will not lead to anything good, being angry, you stop to think rationally, and therefore can do something silly. Learn to control your emotions, especially negative ones.

7. Make your changes.

"When it becomes apparent that the goal can not be reached, do not change your goal, change your action steps."

If you begin to realize that it is not on track to meet its target this year, so now is a good time to make changes in your plan. Do not accept failure as an option, set your sails and move ahead calmly to his goal. If doing the same thing every day, you do not see a particular outcome, try to do something else, but do not change your goal, just get to it another way.

8. You can learn from everyone.

"If I go with two other people, each of them can serve me as a teacher. I will look into them something good to imitate them, and in this, and that something bad to fix it myself. "

You can and should learn from every person you meet on the way. Whether you're a crook, or holy man, each of you can take something useful. The history of every human life is full of lessons, ripe for them to be taught.

9. All or nothing.

"Wherever you went, to follow all your heart."

Whatever you do, do it to the max, so far as possible, or do not do it at all. To succeed in life, it takes all your best. Make the best of what you can, and you will live with no regrets.

The cells were found predictive cancer "death watch"


The likelihood of developing cancer in humans can be predetermined by the two "clocks" DNA mutations detected in virtually all human cells. On the discovery reported in the journal Nature Genetics, and the short of it he told New Scientist.

We are talking about a mutation in the DNA (changes in individual genes) that occur at different rates. In the case of accumulation of several mutations is constant, which leads to DNA damage and ultimately - cancer.

Michael Stratton (Michael Stratton) from the Sanger Institute (Cambridge) found two types of "hours," says the pace of mutations in almost all cells of the human body. The scientists also determined the rate of "progress" in various tissues.

First, researchers have studied the DNA sequence of tumors in 10 000 patients with cancer (36 types of diseases). A special algorithm is revealed in the "cancer" structure of the genomes of certain mutations, the so-called signatures. Then, among these signatures are found that different mutations regular character, the slew rate of which is related to the person's age. Those found two, and both the "clock" begin to "tick" even in healthy tissue, scientists stress.

The first "clock" Stratton called the mitotic - they point mutations arising due to cell division. "Speed ​​mutations correlated with the rate of turnover of cells in tissues. In the future we can use this number to find out how many times a cell divided, "- said the scientist. On the second "hours" science almost nothing is known. They probably had something to do with repairing DNA, more precisely, with errors in the repair mechanisms.

Knowing the age of the patient, the researchers were also able to determine the speed of the "clock" in various tissues. Thus, all mutations will accumulate in the cells of the stomach and intestine (about 23 mutations per cell year) and the slowest - in cells of breast and ovarian cancer (3-4 mutations per year).

Since the stroke of the clock does not stop in the transformation of a healthy cell into a cancer, it can be a valuable indicator of the rate of growth or metastasis of cancer cells resistant to drugs. Scientists even hope to predict at the beginning of the clock cells in the malignant transformation.

"All my life we ​​accumulate mutations, and some people have a certain combination of the latter leads to cancer. It remains to determine whether the rate of mutation varies among individuals, if so, for her performance we will be able to predict how much time remains before the cancer, "- said Stratton.

Moreover, according to the scientist, the rate of change of these mutations can slow the occurrence of cancer. "I'm not saying that it will definitely be possible - DNA mutations are fundamental to our biological unit process, but our discovery leads one to think in this direction. As soon as we find new phenomenon that causes cancer, we think about how to remove it "- sums up the scientist.

In the pyramid of Cheops found three suspicious warm stone

An international team of archaeologists discovered at the base of the Great Pyramid of Cheops, the largest of the Egyptian pyramids, the three inexplicable warm stone. On it informs BBC referring to the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities. A group of architects from Egypt, France, Canada and Japan have used thermography to study thermal characteristics of the pyramids during sunrise and after sunset, when the pyramid slowly cool down.

The researchers reported that the temperature anomalies identified in all the pyramids, but the most "impressive" in the pyramid of Cheops. "To explain these anomalies, many hypotheses put forward, such as the presence of surface voids and internal air flow" - said the scientist.

According to scientists, usually the temperature difference between adjacent stones made of the same limestone, is less than half a degree. However, the anomaly at the base of the Great Pyramid can be up to six degrees.

Mass extinctions of the past preceded the rare trace element deficiency


The content of selenium dissolved in the water of the oceans, fell sharply the day before at least three mass extinctions of the past: silluriyskogo Ordovician (about 440 million years ago), Devonian (360 million years ago) and the Triassic (200 million years ago).

To such conclusions scientists have studied the composition of ancient sediments, preserved on a large, virtually oxygen-free depths of the oceans over 3.5 billion years. The publication presented a fresh issue of the journal Gondwana Research, a group paleogeology from Europe and Australia indicated that for the other elements of this can not be traced - only for a rare selenium.

By itself, this trace element is toxic in nature and is found in very low concentrations, "washed out" of the minerals under the influence of atmospheric oxygen. But in a variety of living organisms - including humans - it is practically irreplaceable role played by entering into the active sites of various proteins. Selenium is essential for the metabolism of fats and proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, protect against reactive oxygen species, the synthesis of certain hormones, assimilation of iodine, etc.

It requires a lot of algae for photosynthesis reactions. So, by virtue of selenium it determines the life of the food pyramid, which is based on phytoplankton. Not surprisingly, the authors of the new work believe that it is a sharp deficiency of selenium may catastrophically "brought down" the ancient Earth's ecosystem. And if this is not the lack of trace elements led to the tragic mass extinction itself, then at least she could play a more important role.

Falling of selenium it could be caused by a decrease in the amount of free oxygen, which is necessary to the microcell might be allocated from minerals and convertible to a soluble form. In any case, the study authors noted that the lack of oxygen was observed before the mass extinctions of the past, and in the process, and after them.

Method Sherlock or "How to develop observation, deduction, and flexibility of thinking"

Sherlock Holmes - one of the perennial appeal of illustrations sharp mind. Skills possessed by the character (and which he borrowed from his prototype Joseph Bell, a brilliant physician and mentor Conan Doyle), will be useful in any profession, from diagnosis to journalism.

Train of thought
The most spontaneous answer to the question how to become Sherlock might sound like this: "First buy a black coat." If you use the terminology of American Psychologist, the Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman, who published in 2011 the book "Think slow ... solved quickly," is the reaction of the so-called "quick-thinking" - a system that is responsible for the momentary knowledge of the world and cataloging instinctual feelings. "Quick thinking," responds to the circumstances immediately and very directly, with the result that often errs, causing us to make irrational decisions.

But in order to think, like Sherlock Holmes, you need to use a different system - "slow." It was she, according to Kahneman, is responsible for the deliberate and conscious formation of thoughts, decisions, conclusions and assessments. Like any function of the human brain, the system can slow thinking to strengthen and develop.

As in sports, workout should start with light exercises in a small amount, gradually moving on to more complex and time-consuming. For starters, you can borrow from friends a few textbooks on various subjects: mathematics, physics, chemistry and other disciplines that involve problem solving. This will not only train the system slow thinking (in fact in the process of intellectual activity it is used), but also to broaden my horizons, to recover lost since the days of school knowledge and indicating to study interesting scientific field.

Corrosive - another quality that you want to master the future deduction. To raise her confidence, it is necessary to find the areas that really excite curiosity. What they will be, by and large, it does not matter: the emotional response is always pushing the man to a deep study of the subject, makes him constantly increasing amount of knowledge, and with it the length of the border of contact with the unknown, the existence of which invariably causes the mind to new searches.

Deduction and induction
When the mind will be prepared and saturated with various useful information, you can proceed to the exercises for the development of logical thinking: deductive and inductive. After all, the character of Conan Doyle used both methods - which, alas, is shown in the series BBC «Sherlock" is somewhat weaker than in the books by Arthur Conan Doyle.

Deduction - a method in which a particular logical path is derived from the general: "All metals are conductive. Gold - a metal. So gold is conducting. " Induction, by contrast, brings the total private: "I am a Muscovite, and I remember that snowfall each winter. So, in Moscow in the winter always snowing. " Sherlock Holmes, examining the crime scene or evaluating others, often going from the particular to the general and back, moving freely in both directions of logic: "John military bearing, tan hands only to arms, psychosomatic limp, - then went to war. Where were the military operations in recent years? In Afghanistan. So, the war in Afghanistan. "

However, its main conclusions had been deductive and arose in the mind of the great detective, when he tore his violin or pondering smoking his pipe. At these moments, Sherlock Holmes turned to his phenomenal knowledge of history and criminology, and classified the case, relying on the "crime family tree." It assigns him a place in the group: "The murder of the inheritance," "The murder out of jealousy," "Stealing will", etc. This gave a motive, and the motive of the suspects gave. That was the essence of the deductive method of Sherlock Holmes. Induction gave him food for thought, while a deduction gave the answer.

To exercise the logical thinking there are a lot of exercises. For example, "The concepts of order," in which you want to place a few words from the general to the particular values ​​or vice versa. May be useful as chess or poker. In addition, it is important to learn to avoid logical errors of judgment, having studied them, for example, the book Abner Uyomov "Logical errors. How do they interfere with the right mindset. "

How to raise a detective?
To learn to notice details, interpret them correctly and not be distracted during the observations and analysis will be required to exercise the development of voluntary and involuntary attention, as well as the training of mental flexibility.

Involuntary attention - a system reaction to the stimuli, a sort of "peripheral vision" in regard to the perception of reality. To develop it, you can make it a rule to observe the familiar objects and places with a lack of lighting and different sound background (naturally, with pleasant music and a sharp unpleasant sounds), as well as to get used to mark items that attract attention in the transition from one species activity to another. This allows you to cultivate one's sensitivity to fluctuations in reality and to learn not to let curious details that can be the key to the situation or the nature of man.

Voluntary attention, or, simply, concentration also plays a huge role to foster the ability to think clearly. On average, thanks to willpower a person is able to hold the attention on an object just 20 minutes. To increase this figure will approach training with so-called "Entertaining table" and its analogues. Each table is a structure with randomly distributed and variously illustrated with numbers from 1 to 35 or 1 to 90. The goal is to find all the numbers in ascending or descending order, at a cost the least amount of time.

To train the attention to detail can also be taking into the habit of watching for strangers: at work, in the street, in social networks. In this case, it is important to assess a person from different angles, allowing for multiple answers to some questions about what kind of profession he can deal with, what his marital status, character and habits. This will develop the flexibility of thinking and stop every time the only option to settle for an answer, which may be incorrect more likely.

However, the main secret of the devil's observation, it seems, is not the amount of training, and there is strong interest. After all, with increased emotional value of the subject matter and the emergence of sufficient action to automate the experience a person has a so-called posleproizvolnoe attention, the focus of which may not subside for hours. It allowed posleproizvolnoe attention to Sherlock Holmes to solve crimes. It also helps scientists make discoveries, writers - to find the best wording, etc. In addition, the presence of posleproizvolnoe attention - that's nice: it relieves the mind, since the brain ceases to spend energy to maintain the focus and force can throw at solving tasks.

- Sherlock Holmes is not just a thought slowly - he understands what it takes to separate the objective and subjective thinking. When you see a person, you inevitably arise related associations, and you will quickly decide good or bad. Exercise, which would be used to combat this Sherlock - is to ask: "What is that I think and feel, is my subjective assessment? I'm just going to keep that in mind, making his real opinion. "

In addition, if we want to assess the environmental reality of the objective, it is necessary each time to realize why we have taken out a particular judgment, and test yourself by learning from the man himself, his friends, or the internet, we were right or not. Such a possibility is not always available, so you can use for training posted online video courses. Within them you can watch the Parties of special scenes, evaluate, they are lying or not, and then to find out the correct answer.

Doctors and lawyers apply logical thinking skills and habits to be focused all the time, but these abilities are useful in any profession. Even for writers, it is important to understand people and be able to focus on the job without constantly checking email or social networks. While working on the book "mastermind", for example, I realized that I do not have the habit to keep the focus of attention. I tried to make an effort of itself is not distracted by the internet, but it was incredibly hard. Then I installed a computer program Freedom, which blocks a global network for a specified time, from two minutes to eight hours. It helped me a lot. We can recall that Sherlock Holmes is also deliberately creating the conditions for currently thought process, he played the violin, smoked a pipe, and even drove Dr. Watson, that he does not interfere with it.

But what about when we can not isolate themselves from the external environment? It seems that Conan Doyle and helps to answer this question. Many say that Sherlock Holmes was cold, but it is not: it occur all the same emotions as any other human, but he is able to push them aside and accept the situation without subjective assessment. Such skills are needed to cultivate a special. To do this, you can start a notebook with two or three columns: "objective observation", "subjective evaluation" and "What can be a subjective assessment." Holmes held it all in the mind, but we, before it becomes a habit, you need to take notes.

I think in today's world of Investigation "Sherlock Holmes" has become smaller because of the domination of technology. Instead try using logic to understand whether a suspect is lying, we are trying to estimate the speed of his heart, or to analyze the work of the brain. However, in my opinion, we know too little about the brain to fully rely on existing technology analysis of its reactions.

             9 most useful knowledge


Action - a key point. We offer you the most effective self-direction.

1. Learn basic financial literacy.
Apply the rules of life with money. Learn how to build their business and manage money.

First of all, read the book:
- Robert Kiyosaki's "Rich Dad, Poor Dad";
- Yuri Moroz "Business. Allowance for geniuses ";
- Robert Allen "Multiple sources of income."

2. Learn to think.
There are special techniques of thinking. Learn to them on the books:
- Edward de Bono;
- And the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ).

3. Find out how the human memory.
Read the book of Vladimir Kozarenko "Textbook of mnemonics." If you have children, they will become honors in school, simply applying memory techniques.

4. Learn how to read quickly.
One month of training - and you will read is 2 times faster. Complete the exercises from the book by Oleg Andreev, "Learn to read quickly."

5. Learn basic typing skills.
Takes 2 weeks to 15 minutes a day with the program of Stamina. And you can impress your friends by typing blindly. And most importantly, save yourself some time in the future typing.

6. Manage your dreams.
Learn how to control dreams, you open access to their creative abilities. Complete course "Lucid dreaming 7 days" or read a book on dreams. Lucid dreams - a thrilling adventure, they are 3D movies with your personal participation.

7. Learn the laws of success.
Successful people know something that others do not know. There are secrets to success, using which you can achieve the desired. The most complete collection of materials about the success of work compiled in the book "The Magic of success."

8. Work through emotions. Manage your sexual energy.
The most important stage of development. It unrealized emotions create an obstacle to self-development.
Read the book:
- Alexander Lowen "Psychology of the body";
- Stanislav Grof "Holotropic consciousness";
- Books Mantak Chia.

9. Learn to read body language and to recognize other people's emotions.
People often say, not what they think and think without saying anything. Read books on the subject. And remember that with the help of the Internet you can find a lot of useful material!

                 The list of logical errors


During the dispute, while trying to get an answer or explanation, you may encounter with a person who uses logical tricks. You can try to ask the opponent to provide evidence and independent confirmation of his words. If this fails, try to get in the position of your opponent. Perhaps, then, you will find a logical error, is present in his arguments and preventing further conflict resolution. The following briefly describes several common logical tricks.

Ad hominem (Latin. "Against the person"): the source, which uses ad hominem, instead of discussing the thesis goes to the identity of the person who advanced the argument. Whenever the source could not confirm evidence of his claim, the facts or the reason he has resorted to a psychological attack on the enemy: Go to the personality, he explains the point of view of his opponent's personal circumstances or an indication that the opponent is acting contrary to its argument.

Argumentum ad baculum (lat. "Argument to cudgel"): the argument based on the use of fear or threat. For example, "If you do not believe in God, you will burn in Hell."

Argumentum ad ignorantiam (lat. "Argument to ignorance"): an appeal to ignorance (ignorance) as a sign of loyalty approval. For example, "We have no evidence that God does not exist, so it should be." Or: "As there is no evidence of aliens visit, then they do not exist." The statement can not be true because the contrary is proved, and vice versa.

Argumentum ad populum (lat. "Argument to the people") concluded that the idea is credible because she believes a lot of people. For example, "Most people believe in God, and therefore it exists." Just because a lot of people believe in something that does not bring a single fact about the object of belief. For example, many people in Europe during the great plague believed that demons are spreading the disease. However, the number of believers does not say anything about the causes of disease.

Non sequitur (lat. "Fallacy"): a conclusion that does not follow from the allegations. For example, "during a full moon birth rate increases. Conclusion: The full moon increases the birth rate. " But does really a full moon on the number of children born or is it for some other reason? This trick is often used by marketers as a so-called impulse buying when the buyer makes a spontaneous purchase is not related to its original purpose of shopping.

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc (lat. "Therefore"): a logical error in reasoning: "Since this event is followed after this, then it was due to them." Or a little easier - at first was A, then B. Hence A caused B. The error occurs when the come to the conclusion, based only on the order in which the events took place without taking into account other possible factors. It looks like a non sequitur, but it depends on the time. For example, "She got sick after a visit to China, it means something in China provoked her illness." Perhaps the reason for her illness has nothing to do with China.

The argument to omniscience: For example, "Everyone in something believes. Everyone knows it. " Opponents would require omniscience to know about the beliefs or neverovaniyah each person, as well as their awareness of this. Beware of words such as "all", "every", "unconditional."

Imaginary opponent: a distorted view of the position of the opponent. It involves the creation of the illusion of refuting the refutation of the thesis by a seemingly similar offers. For example, "Evolutionists believe that everything occurs by chance." Most evolutionists think in terms of natural selection, which involves an element of chance, but not based solely on it. The image of his opponent in bleak colors only distorts the course of the debate.

The proof of non-existence: when the opponent can not provide proof of his statement, it can cause the opponent to prove that it does not exist. For example, "God does not exist", "UFOs are not visiting the Earth" and so on. D. Although it is possible to prove the absence of something within a certain range, for example, some specific items in a box, you can not prove something on a universal scale . Evidence for the existence should come from the person who makes the statement.

The law of the excluded middle (or a false dilemma): the judgment is true or its negation is true. "There is no third". Many people using Aristotelian either / or logic in his speech, the opposition use the up / down, black / white, true / false, love / hate, etc. For example, "You either like it or not." "He's either guilty or not guilty." Often between the extremes, there is still something what such people do not notice.

Selectivity surveillance (similar to the effect of confirmation): an indication of the favorable circumstances, ignoring unfavorable. Anyone who has ever visited a casino in Las Vegas, winning people to notice. Managers casinos attract attention to the winners, while losers of not even mentioned. This can lead to incorrect inference about the high probability of winning.

Fallacy of the pile: confusion occurs when it is demonstrated that the two states can not be considered different, because between them there are many intermediate states. For example, "Do as you like grains of rice in a bag full of rice?"

Appeal to authority (Lat. Argumentum ad verecundiam - «argument modesty '): A link to the authoritative opinion of the person in order to establish the correctness of the argument instead of using logic and facts supporting argument. For example, "a professor believes in creationism." Just because an "expert" makes a statement, does not mean that he should unconditionally believe.

Appeal to faith: For example, "If you do not have faith, you can not learn." If the other party relies on faith as grounds for his argument, further discussion would be unproductive. Faith, by definition, goes the belief that there is no need for logic or evidence. Faith relies on the lack of logic and thinking is the cause of intransigence.

Appeal to the consequences (lat. Argumentum ad consequentiam - «argument to the consequences") argument fidelity or infidelity approval (beliefs) on the basis of what it is: a welcome or unwelcome consequences. For example, "Some religious people believe that belief in evolution leads to immorality, so evolution - a lie." Even if the theory of evolution led to promiscuity, it would not mean his infidelity.

Appeal to the adverse effects: for example, "We have to judge the accused as the perpetrators, otherwise the others commit similar crimes." Just because a crime has been committed or contradictory offense does not necessarily mean that the defender has committed a crime or that he should be found guilty. Or: "Accidents happen because God punishes unbelievers, so we should all believe in God." Just because there was a terrible disaster or tragedy, says nothing about the existence of gods or about what we should believe.

Appeal to tradition (like the argumentum ad populum): for example, astrology, religion, slavery. Just because people adhere to a certain tradition does not say anything about its viability. Or in other words, just because it always has been, says nothing about what it should be, or that it is the only sure way.

Reification: the materialization of abstract concepts and ideas. For example, IQ test as a measure of intelligence; race (even if there are genetic characteristics) as having a special character traits and personality; astrology; God (s); Father Christmas, etc.

Distract: answer the question with a deliberate attempt to take the survey in another direction by changing the topic of discussion.

Error use-mention: the lack of distinction between the use of concepts and mentioning that supposedly exist. For example, an essay on "The History of God" does not refer to real-life god, but to the history of ideas about God in human culture. To avoid misunderstandings, the words or phrases written in quotation marks.

Error, repeated twice, to judge by their own misconduct charge someone to the crime of the same. For example, "How can you judge me, if you did the same?" Wines prosecutor has no connection with the conversation.

Fallacy of composition: when the output of loyalty / disloyalty argument is based on the fidelity / infidelity part (s) or vice versa. For example, "Atoms can not be seen with the naked eye. People are made up of atoms. Consequently, people are invisible to the naked eye. "

Half-truths: the claim is usually aimed at misleading by omitting some of the details needed to accurately describe the full picture.

A vicious circle: loyalty to the assertion follows from the statement itself. For example, "The existence of God certainly, as it is clearly stated in the Qur'an. Any statements in the Qur'an is absolutely true, because the Qur'an was revealed by Allah to mankind. "

Biased coverage of the issue: Form a false argument, the opposition in the dispute results in only favorable arguments and / or eliminates uncomfortable. In fact, it is an attempt to refer to something as an exception to the generally accepted rules, guidelines and so on. Without explaining the need for this exception. For example, "Many black people call each other blacks, and therefore no shame to call them as the rest."

The provocative question: when someone asks a question, containing the statement of something unproven or are not accepted by all affected parties. The answer to this question implies consent. For example: "Do you still beat your wife?". A negative or positive response to the respondent would mean consent to the fact that he has a wife of whom he had beaten in the past.

Confusing correlation and causality: the conclusion of causation as a deterministic, ie if A causes B, then B is always followed by A. For example, "The number of men playing chess than women, therefore, the best male players than women." Or: "Children who watch the atrocities on TV, often more aggressive when they grow up than those who do not look." But does television on cruelty or ill-oriented children prefer to watch violent programs? Perhaps a completely different reason for creating violence, committed not related to television.

Slippery track: a relatively small step will lead to irreversible chain of related events leading to any significant change, like a snowball. For example, "If you allow doctors to assist in suicide, then, in the end, the government will control how we die." Change is not always focused on the slippery slope.

Statistics of small numbers (similar to the selective observation) by achieving an erroneous generalization inductive reasoning (ie, from the particular to the general) built on insufficient evidence for this. This often includes a general conclusion on the basis of statistical survey of small groups that do not reflect the situation as a whole. For example, "My parents smoked all their lives and have never had any problems with cancer." In contrast to the hasty generalization of the lazy there is induction, ie, denial of inference. For example, "12 Hugo suffered an accident in the past six months, but he continues to insist that it was not his fault, just a coincidence."

Effect of acknowledgment (like selective monitoring): a kind of selective thinking, in which a person focuses only on the evidence and the facts supporting that, in what he has believed, while at the same time ignoring evidence refuting his beliefs. Effect of confirmation plays an important role when people form their views on faith, tradition or prejudice. For example, if someone believes in the power of prayer, that a believer will be to pay attention to a number of "answered" prayers, the majority are not answered simply ignore (which indicates that the fulfillment of the prayer, as a minimum, no more than a coincidence, but as a maximum, is similar to the placebo effect on the health of the patient).

       Why do we need "extra" button Win?


22 Useful Features

Win key features far beyond a simple menu Start. C it means you can call a variety of system utilities to manage windows, lock your computer, and more.

Especially important to refresh knowledge about these hotkeys due to Windows 8 where, because of the lack of familiar Start button, namely the use of keyboard shortcuts is the most convenient way to perform many operations.

1. Win - call the Start menu (shift mode in Windows 8 Metro);

2. Win B - select an icon in the system tray. You can then switch between icons with cursor keys;

3. Win D - show the desktop;

4. Win E - open the Explorer;

5. Win F - open search;

6. Win L - lock your computer;

7. Win M - Minimize all windows;

8. Win P - mode switching additional monitor or projector;

9. Win R - open the Run dialog box;

10. Win T - to activate the taskbar with the first app released on the panel. Then pressing this combination you can go to the following key, and then press Enter to run right;

11. Win U - open the Ease of Access Center;

12. Win X - Center for mobile applications in Windows 7. In Win 8 opens the "hidden" Start menu.

13. Win Pause - to open the properties of the system;

14. Win F1 - open help Windows;

15. Win 1,2,3, ... - similar to clicking on the button with the corresponding number of applications in the taskbar;

16. Win Shift 1,2,3, ... - similar to clicking the middle button on the button with the corresponding number of applications in the taskbar, that is launching a new copy of the program;

17. Win Ctrl 1,2,3, ... - to switch between different windows of the same program;

18. Win Up Arrow - expand the window to full screen;

19. Win Down Arrow - to restore, minimize the window;

20. Win the right or left arrow - "press" the window to the right or left side of the screen;

21. Win Shift left or right arrow - move the window to another monitor;

22. Win Spacebar - to look at the desktop in Windows 7, or switch between layouts in Windows 8.

9 interesting scientific books that we recommend to read:

1. The origin of continents and oceans - Wegener
Book German scholar AL Wegener, which appeared at the beginning of this century marked a revolution in geological science. His bold hypothesis of moving continents was of great importance for the further development of geology. Suggested translation adapted to the latest edition of the German authorized and provided detailed comments and articles about the author and his theory is the most comprehensive scientific publication of the book in Russian. The book is designed for those interested in the geological development of our planet.

2. Neuroscience (Volume 1) - G. Shepherd
The book is an American scientist - one of the first textbooks neuroscience, representing this area of ​​knowledge in the wider context - evolution, cellular, behavioral and historical. In Volume 1 covers the basics of comparative physiology of nerve cells and the organization of the nervous and sensory systems in invertebrates. It is intended for specialists in neurophysiology, ethology, as well as teachers and students of biological faculties.

3. Trilobites - Richard Forti
Richard Forti - the world-famous British paleontologist, expert on trilobites, the author of more than two hundred scientific articles, devoted all his life to science. In search of their favorite fossil he has traveled all continents and summarized his experience and knowledge of several books on evolution, biology and the backstage life of the scientific fraternity. His public speeches and lectures attracted adults and children, scholars and enthusiasts. He currently works at the Museum of Natural History in London, studying trilobites from the deposits of the Permian time writing a new book about evolution.

4. The universe within us. What do the stones, planets and people? - Neil Shubin
Neil Shubin - American paleontologist, biologist and popularizer of science, professor of the University of Chicago. Famous as one of the pioneers of the legendary fossil animal - Tiktaalik.

5. Amazing experiments with plants - Young researchers from Baturitskoy NV Fenchuk ETC.
Why the white petals of a daisy, and the first spring leaves of poplar reddish? How to prepare the paint from the flowers of cornflower? Why do not grow plants on a green light? Does the germ of the compass? Why is tobacco smoke "kills" the leaves? How to make a scarf from a nettle? Why sweet maple sap? Can I make lilacs bloom in December?

6. Reading between the lines of DNA - Peter Spork
Peter Spork - German neuroscientist and popularizer of science. It is known in Germany as a freelance journalist and author of many popular science books. From his pen on the book relevant in biology and medicine topics, written alive and understandable language.

In his eye-opening book, "Reading between the lines of DNA" German neurobiologist Peter Spork invites to explore the world of the new, revolutionary science - epigenetics. He explains why die from cancer, even those people who have inherited cancer genes and do not lead an unhealthy lifestyle; why adults are prone to certain diseases, if an infant lacked love; as our lifestyle can affect the fate of our grandchildren. And shows that can make each of us to live a healthy and long life.

7. Life of microbes in extreme conditions
Collective monograph, written by known microbiologists United States and Canada. The features of the existence of microorganisms under extreme environmental conditions, such as high and low temperatures, extremes in pH, high salt concentrations, high pressure, radiation, heavy metals and other damaging factors. Elucidation of mechanisms of adaptation to such conditions it is very important for understanding the origin and evolution of life, as well as problems of space biology. All these issues are of great practical importance in view of the widespread use of microorganisms in the national economy.

8. Interesting microbiology - Zhdanov VM, Vygodchikov GV, Ershov FI, et al.

9. Who would have thought! How the brain makes us do stupid things? - Asya Kazantsev
The book is a young science journalist Asya Kuznetsova - of "major biological traps that prevent us to live happily and to behave well." Relying largely on reputable scientific works and only occasionally - by personal experience, the author tells a fascinating and accessible, where are the bad habits, why in November so difficult to work with and which substances are the basis of "the chemistry of love."

On Mars discovered signs of acid mist

Although Mars is not the weather, similar to that observed in the world, but, as it turned out, on each of these two planets is marked kinda weather phenomenon: acid mist.

Planetology Shoshanna Cole presented a compelling story of how the acid vapors "ate" stones, located within the Red Planet's surface area of ​​100 acres, located on the mountain ridge Husband Hill Columbia Hills in Gusev Crater. The researchers used a wide range of data obtained using multiple instruments mounted on NASA's Spirit rover, to get the maximum information from the study of rock outcrops.

In this work, the report focuses on rock outcrops Watchtower Class, located on the ridge top of Cumberland Ridge and Husband Hill, says Cole, an assistant professor at Ithaca College, USA, is currently collecting material for his thesis, which is planning to defend at Cornell University.

Cole turned her attention to the fact that in these areas of the Martian surface there is an unusual variation of a number of properties of rocks, demanding an explanation. So, along the ridge of a Mossbauer spectrometer Cumberland Ridge rover Spirit has revealed a large gradient of the oxidation of iron (Fe + 3) to the total iron. In addition, data from the spectrometer, and this tool Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES), demonstrated that the minerals in these stones partially amorphized.

To explain these observations, scientists have proposed a version that Martian rocks partially lost their crystalline structure by the action of acid vapors during volcanic eruptions. The action of acid vapors results in selective solubilization or leaching of certain components of the array rock and then, when a remainder resulting from such carcass leaching removes residual water gel forms. Subsequently, a gel is exposed to sunlight, it remaining oxidizing iron to the trivalent state, and the amount of incident sunlight is proportional to the rate of the oxidation reaction, so more illuminated areas have a larger surface ratio Fe + 3 / Fe commonly indicates researcher.

Why is lemon - seven killer diseases?

Lemon - a fruit for all occasions. There are so many vitamins and minerals that, perhaps, it is difficult to find something more universal.
And sore throat, nausea and even hepatitis think about a lemon!

Angina

In acute sore throat, eat half a lemon with peel. Sour? But very useful! Lemon juice is also good to use for gargling divorce with water at a ratio of 1: 3 and rinsing every hour during the day. You can also juice 3 times a day to lubricate the throat in areas where accumulated white coating.

Bronchitis

If brought to bronchitis, mix 50 g of grated horseradish and juice of 2 - 3 citrus fruits. Take a teaspoon several times a day, no drinking. Lemon in a company with great garlic acts as a biodegradable agent. For this mush from 5 lemons with the peel mixed with a gruel of 4 heads of garlic, pour a mixture of one liter of cool boiled water, close tightly and keep in a dark and cool place 5 days. Strain and take a tablespoon three times a day for 20 minutes before eating.

Sickness
Nausea and heartburn after fatty foods are easily eliminated, if you drink the juice of half a lemon, after adding a floor teaspoon soda.

Flu

We drink tea with herbs and lemon. Good brew it with marigold, mint, sage, horsetail and plantain. Such a mixture of support at the level of calcium in the body. A calcium - a great helper in the fight with a temperature.

Atherosclerosis

Tablespoons chopped pine needles pour a glass of boiling water and let stand for 30 - 60 minutes. Ready infusion drain and mix with half a lemon, pre-peeled and crushed. Take one hour before meals three times a day over a glass of a mixture of 15 - 20 days.

Hepatitis

In this disease, lemon juice or water with the addition of its useful to use on a daily basis. For this lemon peeled, cut in half, fill it with boiling water, leave for 12 hours and take on an empty stomach a glass.

Hypotension

At constant low blood pressure 5 - 6 Lemons mince. Get lemon puree, add to it 100 g of crushed leaves of Bergenia. It is a medicinal plant, purchased at any pharmacy. We fill our gruel with one liter of cold boiled water and give the brew in the fridge 36 hours. Then add to the infusion of a pound of fresh honey. All stir and place the container back into the cold for 25 hours. Infusion taken 30 minutes before meals three times a day for 1/4 cup. The course of treatment for three weeks.

Why are we wrong to perceive the artificial intelligence

When we talk about the AI, the conversation inevitably turns to the category of science fiction scenarios, they say, if the AI ​​does not take away our jobs, you kill us all. But the truth is that the AI ​​has been around for almost 60 years, more and more penetrating into every part of our lives. Our AI can read your emotions, to solve complex geometric problems, draw pictures, like Vincent van Gogh.

Ignoring what was actually created and is currently in use, and instead focusing on the version of AI, which has not yet arrived, humanity has got a blind spot in this technology.

This blind spot distorts our understanding of AI, its usefulness and the progress that has been made in this area. It also brings us a lot of frustration when there are AI does not work as we expected. This phenomenon has a name - the effect of AI.

In effect, the two phases of AI. First, people do not see the program, which interact with both "reasonable" and therefore believe that research in the field of AI to nothing lead. But we are already surrounded by AI, and becomes more and more, so we like a frog in a pot of water, do not realize that the water is getting hotter and hotter.

AI that we have now, not like anything that draws most people in their science fiction dreams - on machines that think and act like a man, a common artificial intelligence (AIS). Instead, we have a narrow artificial intelligence (UII), which is very good in performing specific tasks such as recognizing pictures or trading. When the AIS is established, it is still beyond comprehension.

"In the early years of AI has always been a concern that the AI ​​will never live to fulfill their promises, because all that work, by definition, do not like the AI" - says Subbarao Kambapati scientist computer science from the University of Arizona.

Carlos Gestrin, CEO Dato Seattle, which is building the AI ​​algorithms for data analysis, says that this may be because the UII is not like human intelligence.

"As soon as something is done, it is no longer AI, - says Gestrin. - It is a matter of perception - as soon as something becomes commonplace, demystifies it no longer looks like a magical intelligence that we see in others. "

On the other hand, it also gives rise to fear of the unknown "future" AI, which seems to always be hiding around the corner. When people say that it is possible to AIS, the conversation is always accompanied by fears on the subject of what the AI ​​can suddenly turn.

"I think that this idea is that the AI ​​is going to break out like thunder, raises the question, well, what do we do when AI is here - says Sabine Hauert, robotics, University of Bristol. - In reality, we are working on the AI ​​for 50 years, and improvements are miserable. "

This fear of the future humanoid AI is based on the biased feeling that this technology, which has existed for years, suddenly acquire human attributes, and is anthropomorphism. But given the way we are trying to create an AI now, it is unlikely that the future of AI are human attributes - elements such as emotion, consciousness, or even self-preservation instinct, according to Joshua Beng, a computer scientist from the University of Montreal. Because intelligent AI will have a completely different intelligence than men.

"The biggest misconception is the idea that is common in science fiction, the AI ​​will be similar to another living being that we can imagine, animal or alien - consequently, this AI is the ego, the mind, like a man - says Beng . - However, the machine may be reasonable and without self-consciousness, the ego, and even self-preservation instinct. "

In the end, the smartest car in the world does not think like a man

Shimon Uaytson, a scientist from the University of Amsterdam, explained why people default AI assign human traits.

"We have a tendency to confer human features of any type of intelligence, because we live in a world in which people are the only example of a high level of intelligence, - says Uaytson. - We really have no idea what could be the intellect, if not one person. "

Through research in the field of AI, we find that there may be many other types of intelligence. Not every program needs to be intelligent in fact humanoid. When the technology of AI learned to do a specific task, she did not like the man, but most people will not see it as the AI. But when will OUI, he, too, will not look like a man.

"Intellect - is not the only feature of the system, - said Tomaso Poggio of MIT. - Intelligence - is one word that can refer to many things. We measure intelligence by how well a person or a computer can perform the task, including the task of teaching. For this indicator, computers are now much smarter than people in many tasks, including memorizing things, arithmetic calculations, trading on the stock exchange, the landing of aircraft. "

To put an end to the paradox - a wildly tossing between conviction that AI had not yet arrived, and that when he arrives, we all Khan - need to rethink the concept of human intelligence. We need to understand intelligence in a broader sense and understand that the machine that does the work is reasonable. The sooner this happens, the easier it will be to focus on the real risks and benefits, which, according to researchers, can bring the future of AI.

Japanese scientists smelted safety glass

Japanese scientists have been able to smelt safety glass, on the strength comparable to steel. This effect, as the local media, has been achieved by increasing the proportion of aluminum oxide in the composition of the material.

"We will soon develop methods for mass production of this unique window" - promises one of the developers, professor of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science Atsunobu Masuno. As expected, the new product will be able to bring to the market within five years.

"Predecessor" of this material is another type of safety glass, which is called the oxide. The main constituent element in its creation is silica. Durability is achieved by the addition of its constituent alumina.

The main task, which scientists had to solve, was the modernization of the production process - now the components are mixed is not in a container, and the air - literally on the fly, which, thanks to a neutral environment, there is no crystallization, which prevents complete production of glass.

As a result, according to the inventors succeeded in obtaining a completely transparent dense glass is half composed of aluminum oxide. The strength of the new material is almost two times higher than its counterpart of the oxide and is flush with the steel and iron.